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Savella a Treatment Option for Fibromyalgia

21 Jun

Fibromyalgia (FM) is an idiopathic, chronic, nonlocalized pain syndrome accompanied by generalized tenderness. From 2% to 4% of people in the U.S. are affected. Although usually recognized as a disorder that predominates in middle-aged women, it can also affect men and adolescents. In addition to experiencing widespread pain and tenderness, patients may also report sleep difficulties, fatigue, anxiety, depression, paresthesias, stiffness, and an overall decline in physical function. These symptoms are distressing and may have a severe impact on quality of life.
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The American College of Rheumatology uses specific criteria for diagnosing FM. The diagnosis is based on the presence of widespread pain for a period of at least three months and on the presence of 11 tender points among 18 specific anatomic sites.

The pathophysiology of FM is poorly understood. Emerging insights suggest that it is a disorder of central nervous system (CNS) pain-processing mechanisms, which results in increased nociceptive sensitivity. The augmented experience of pain is thought to be associated with either (1) excessive spinal facilitation of afferent nociceptive signaling to higher cortical pain-processing regions or (2) deficiencies in descending cortical mechanisms that dampen nociception.

Both ascending and descending nociceptive pathways are regulated through multiple neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine. It is hypothesized that abnormal functioning of the noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons in the ascending and descending pathways lead to the painful symptoms of FM.

Treatment options include nonpharmacological and pharmacological therapies. The most common nonpharmacological treatments are exercise, patient education, and cognitive behavioral therapy, which have shown some efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Pharmacological therapies include a variety of antidepressants, antiepileptics, opioids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Of the wide variety of medications available to treat FM, only three are approved by the FDA: pregabalin (Lyrica, Pfizer), duloxetine (Cymbalta, Eli Lilly), and milnacipran (Savella, Forest/Cypress Bioscience).

Milnacipran is a dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is more selective for norepinephrine reuptake. It has been approved for the treatment of depression in parts of Europe and Asia since the late 1990s and has now been approved for patients with FM.5 This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of milnacipran for FM.

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The Effects of HGH

14 Jun

HGH or human growth hormone is a protein hormone of 190 amino acids, which is synthesized and secreted by the Somatotroph cells (hence called Somatotropin) in the anterior pituitary. The genes for human growth hormone are localized in the q22-24 region of chromosome 17. The structure of HGH includes four helices necessary for functional interaction with the GH receptor. Structurally, HGH is homologous to prolactin and chorionic somatomammotropin and it appears as if the three share some evolutionarily connection. The triad is known to promote growth and aid the lactogenic activity.

Human Growth Hormone Secretion

Synthesis and secretion of HGH is controlled by many factors such as exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress and sometimes even by growth hormone itself. The control, however, are wielded by two hypo-thalamic hormones (Growth hormone-releasing hormone or GHRH and Somatostatin or SS) and one hormone present in the stomach (Ghrelin).

Functions of HGH
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Human growth hormone contributes in the building up of the human body. HGH has two different types of effects on the human tissues and the human system as a whole – direct and indirect. The direct effects are the upshot of the growth hormone binding its receptor to the target cells. Indirect effects are stimulated by an insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), a hormone secreted by the liver and other tissues in response to growth hormone action. In fact, most of the growth promoting effects of HGH are the consequence of IGF-I acting on the target cells.

Thus, it is apparent that HGH or Somatotropin plays a vital role in major physiological processes, including growth and metabolism.

HGH & Growth

The major role of growth hormone in effecting body growth is to stimulate the liver and various other tissues to secrete IGF-I. IGF-I. This, in-turn, it provokes proliferation of Chondrocytes (cartilage cells), resulting in bone growth.

HGH & Metabolism

Human growth hormone has been found to have important effects on protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These effects in some are direct, others indirect and a few showing mixed effects.

Although height growth is an all-too-manifest effect of HGH on the human system, it has several other specific and essentially functions. These functions range from protein synthesis to building muscle mass, calcium retention to mineralization of bones, stimulating the immune system to maintaining fuel homeostasis, etc.

This is all about real human growth hormone. Biosynthetic human growth hormone, also known as recombinant human growth hormone and abbreviated as rHGH was first used for remedial use in the U.S. in 1985. Since then, the biosynthetic variety of HGH has nearly sidelined the pituitary-prompted human growth hormone, especially in therapeutic use.

 
 

Generic Viagra to treat Erectile Dysfunction

30 May

Fortunately, the generic vaigra has hit the market and more and more individuals who have been suffering with erectile dysfunction are finding relief.
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The prices of generic drugs are so affordable, especially when they are compared to the name brand counterparts, and this makes treatment for ED a reality for many men. It may seem difficult to believe, but there are millions of men worldwide that suffer from this problem. And of these millions there are at least 20 million or more who use generic drugs to treat their ED. But, taking generic drugs in order to achieve an erection can take the spontaneity out of your sex life. The reason why that is your doctor should evaluate your health and your personal situation to determine which drug is best for you. In any committed relationship sex is important and while a relationship is made up of many other elements as well sex really solidifies the love and commitment between two people. Being in a relationship without sex simply drains the life out of the relationship, so if erectile dysfunction (ED) is a problem it is important to get help as quickly as possible. This may not only save your sex life, but it might also save your relationship.

Erectile dysfunction, which is defined by not being able to achieve an erection, by a short lived erection, a semi erection, as well as other problems, can be treated. This is great news for those who suffer from erection problems as well as their partners who also suffer when there is no sex. One of the best treatment options for ED is generic Viagra. sildenafil citrate viagra has been on the market since the late ’90s and it became an instant success. However, Viagra is an expensive drug and many men suffering from erectile dysfunction could not afford it so they simply suffered with their problem all the while help was available. Today, generic Viagra is available and it works just as effectively as the original sildenafil citrate, but with one major benefit. It is considerably more affordable! This means that men suffering from this problem don’t have to continue suffering in silence. Instead, they can get the help they need with generic Viagra. Of course, this requires a trip to the doctor to determine the cause of the ED. But, if all is well and there are no diseases present that could be causing the erectile dysfunction then generic version will likely be prescribed. The way generic drug works is that it stimulates blood flow in the penis by stimulating nerves in the brain.

The increased blood flow means a strong erection is possible and that normal sexual relations may begin again. Men who suffer from erectile dysfunction really like generic Viagra sildenafil citrate because it begins working as soon as 30 minutes after it is taken and lasts up to 36 hours. This allows room for spontaneity and a little bit of romance as well. Taking the pill doesn’t mean that sex must follow immediately, so couples have time to plan the right moment for their coupling. Men worldwide are using these drugs to help with their erectile dysfunction and many other men across the globe are suffering from ED and hoping for treatment. It is certainly an outstanding option for ED because it helps a man get an erection and keep it for the duration. Men no longer need to be ashamed of their erectile dysfunction nor do they need to avoid treatment. With generic Viagra sildenafil citrate available all men suffering from erectile dysfunction should take advantage and start enjoying their love lives again.

 

Modifying lifestyles. Hypertension

24 May

Physicians should try to spend as much time as possible with patients to educate them on the importance of lifestyle modification, but its important not to waste too much time before beginning drug therapy. With some patients, preaching life-style change is a fruitless exercise, and damage is being done while they struggle to cut salt from their diet or lose weight, Neutel says.

The decision needs to be made fairly early on as to whether its worth pursuing nonpharmacological treatment or whether its in the best interest of the patient to start drug treatment, he says. The physician can always stop the drugs if some dramatic improvement happens. Hydrochlorothiazide 25mg The longer it takes physicians to get to goal, the more likely they are to have some obstacle that results in acceptance of inadequate control.

Some physicians are turning to the Internet for ways to help patients learn to manage their blood pressure. One resource is a Web site that allows patients to assess their risk for hypertension, track their vital signs on a graph that can be sent to the physician, and access tips on lifestyle changes and the latest published research in the field.

Patients can type in their own blood pressure levels as well as pulse, weight, and cholesterol, and information pops up showing normal levels and what action should be taken if the patient falls outside the norm. The site also offers a place to keep personal and family health records, a reminder service for taking medications and making appointments, and a locator service for blood pressure kiosks around the country.

This kind of site helps physicians because it provides basic information to patients that they may not have time to cover in an appointment, says Michael Ruddy, MD, FACP, associate professor of medicine and chief of the section of hypertension in the division of nephrology at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, NJ. Ruddy serves on the clinical advisory board for Lifeclinic.com. This helps patients have an active role in managing their high blood pressure, and thats the only way it will ever get under control.

The onus for improving blood pressure doesnt fall solely on the patient. Physicians must be more aggressive in their care, says Pablo LaPuerta, MD, clinical assistant professor at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and director of outcomes research at the Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute in Princeton, NJ, triamterene hctz.

LaPuerta was one of the authors of a study published recently in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology that outlined a set of indicators for measuring process quality in hypertension..sup.2 The indicators, based on national guidelines, include screening patients yearly for blood pressure, evaluating newly diagnosed patients for kidney function and cholesterol, getting patients started on drug therapy, and stepping up therapy to get control. When the indicators were tested on about 700 hypertensive women, deficiencies were found in every area.

One of the most notable things we found was that when patients persisted with uncontrolled blood pressure of more than 160/90 mm Hg for six months or more, 50% of the time physicians didnt change their treatment, LaPuerta says.

Patients in the study who had blood pressure control passed more indicators, showing that physicians who are more aggressive do achieve better results. A lot of physicians may think that a lot of the problems with blood pressure are outside their control, such as patient noncompliance, LaPuerta says. But this study suggests physicians can do something to improve control, like stepping up care when the blood pressure remains elevated. They may need to add another medication or go to a full dose of the existing medication.

 
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Treatment for hypertension. Set goals

12 May

One of the most important things that many physicians neglect to do for their hypertensive patients is set a blood pressure goal and inform the patient of that goal, Hill says. Its hard to meet a goal that hasnt been set and for which there is no feedback. You have to be aware of the fact that its the patients daily life that will make the ultimate difference. The day-to-day work is the patients, so you have to involve them in the decision making.
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One complicating factor in treating hypertension is that the same strategy wont work for every patient. Researchers at the University of Maryland have identified four distinct types of hypertensive patients based on lifestyle choices and the ability to adhere to medication protocols, and they say that tailoring treatment to each group may improve your chances of success.

Matthew Weir, MD, professor of medicine in the division of nephrology at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, and his colleagues interviewed 727 hypertensive patients by telephone about their beliefs and behaviors surrounding the management of their disease. They weighted the composition of the cohort to match the age and sex distribution of hypertensive patients in the 1992 National Health Interview Survey. The researchers found four distinct groups that need different management strategies:.sup.1

Group A. Patients use an effective mix of medication and lifestyle regimens to control blood pressure. These patients need positive reinforcement, such as monthly telephone contact by nurses and encouragement to gradually adopt more aggressive healthy lifestyle goals.

Group B. Patients are most likely to depend on medication and have high adherence rates, but they also have high rates of smoking (29%) and alcohol use (an average of 104 times per year) and are less likely to exercise regularly. This group needs more aggressive medical management and needs to take small steps toward a more active lifestyle.

Group C. Patients are most likely to forget to take medication, are likely to be obese, and find it most difficult to comply with lifestyle changes (except for very low rates of smoking and alcohol use). They need a simplified medication schedule with care taken to minimize side effects. They also need encouragement to incorporate easy physical activity such as taking the stairs or taking a 10-minute walk during lunch, into their daily life.

Group D. Patients are least likely to take medication, most likely to change or stop medication without consulting their physician (20%), most likely to smoke (40%), and least likely to control diet (29%). This group needs strategies to make it easier for them to take their medications and increased frequency of patient contact through a case manager.

Weir and his colleagues are planning another trial to test the hypothesis that tailoring treatment in those ways would reduce the incidence of high blood pressure. They suggest caregivers need a hypertension lifestyle assessment instrument that would identify the subgroup into which an individual falls, as well as clinical management protocols that are tailored for members of each group.

Congestive heart failure has increased in the last five years partly because hypertension is not well-controlled, Weir says. Anything we can do to improve hypertension would improve heart failure as well. We need to be more aggressive to get intensified control of hypertension.
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One way providers can become more aggressive is through the use of combination drug therapy, says Joel Neutel, MD, chief of clinical pharmacology and hypertension at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Long Beach, CA, and assistant clinical professor of medicine at the University of California, Irvine.

Because hypertension is a multifaceted disease, it is extremely difficult to get to goal blood pressure using only one drug, Neutel says. He recommends that physicians consider using low-dose combination therapy earlier in the treatment process.

Combining two drugs in one tablet is more likely to reduce blood pressure and makes compliance easier for patients. Theres been somewhat of a reluctance to using combination therapy, but now with the new low-dose products that are available, you are much more likely to get control, he says. Some are concerned that there might be more side effects, but when you compare studies in which patients are started on low-dose combination therapy to those on monotherapy, there are really no differences in the side-effect profile. In almost all patients, it is possible to find a treatment regimen that would not have side effects. You have to do that if you want your patients to comply.

The step-care approach has been ingrained in doctors as the right approach to treating hypertension, and thats not necessarily a bad thing as long as blood pressure is controlled, Neutel says. But by virtue of the fact that in 75% of patients were not getting to control, the system is somehow breaking down. We have to be more aggressive with combination therapy earlier on in the treatment of hypertension, which is something that is not taught at medical school. Physicians have to constantly change their approach.

 
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Viagra enhances treatment for brain metastasis

08 May

New research by scientists at Cedars-Sinai’s Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute suggests that a drug currently approved to treat erectile dysfunction may significantly enhance the delivery of the anti-cancer drug Herceptin to certain hard-to-treat brain tumors. The research, published in the journal PLoS ONE, could help doctors improve treatments for lung and breast cancers that have metastasized to the brain.

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While cancers that originate in the brain are relatively rare — approximately 22,000 patients are diagnosed with a primary brain tumor every year — nearly 10 times that many people develop brain tumors from cancers that began elsewhere in the body. Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S., and about 20 percent of lung cancers metastasize to the brain. Breast cancer and melanoma may also spread to the brain, and once this happens, the cancer becomes extremely difficult to treat and the prognosis turns poor.

Even if a cancer is susceptible to drugs, these drugs must penetrate the “blood-brain barrier” if they’re to treat cancer that’s metastasized to the brain. “Mother Nature created this barrier to protect our brains from dangerous substances, but here we need to get through the barrier to deliver the drugs, and that’s a problem,” says study author Julia Y. Ljubimova, M.D., Ph.D., a research scientist at the Cedars-Sinai Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute in Los Angeles.

Keith Black, M.D., chairman of Cedars-Sinai’s Department of Neurosurgery and director of the Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, is the lead research scientist on this project and senior author of the paper. He has studied the blood-brain barrier for about two decades, and his work in this field received the Jacob Javits award from the National Advisory Neurological Disorders and Stroke Council of the National Institutes of Health in June 2000. Since then, research conducted by his team found that the erectile dysfunction drugs sildenafil (Viagra) and vardenafil (Levitra), which inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), could increase the permeability of the blood-brain tumor barrier and boost the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin.

“No matter how effective against cancer a chemotherapeutic agent may be, it can have little impact on brain tumors if it cannot cross the blood-brain tumor barrier,” he said. “As we find new drugs that are able to target these tumor cells, it is imperative that we develop better ways to enable the medications to reach their targets.”

In the current study, the researchers examined whether PDE5 inhibitors might also increase the blood-brain tumor barrier’s permeability to Herceptin, a monoclonal antibody used to treat lung and breast tumors that are positive for HER2/neu. Herceptin is a large molecule that does not easily cross the blood-brain tumor barrier, a limitation that severely reduces its effectiveness at treating brain metastases.

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The researchers first measured vardenafil’s effects on the permeability of the blood-brain tumor barrier. Using a mouse model, the scientists showed that vardenafil led to a two-fold increase in the amount of Herceptin that reached brain metastases of lung and breast cancers. Next, they examined whether this increase in blood-brain barrier permeability improved Herceptin’s effectiveness at treating these brain metastases by giving mice vardenafil in tandem with Herceptin. The results showed that the combination of vardenafil plus Herceptin boosted mean survival by 20 percent, compared to Herceptin alone (72+/-18 days versus 59+/-9 days).

Mice whose tumors were not HER2-positive did not experience the same increase in survival that those with HER2-positive tumors did when given vardenafil, indicating that the survival benefit was indeed due to an increase in the amount of Herceptin reaching the tumors, says Ljubimova.

“Now that we’ve demonstrated that big molecules can cross the blood-brain tumor barrier, we’re going to continue this strategy with other big molecule drugs, such as nanomedicine drugs” says Ljubimova. “This opens a new world for brain tumor treatments.”

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100507175257.htm

 
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Treatment for hypertension

06 May

Aggressive treatment for hypertension yields results

Consider combination drug therapy, tailored treatment strategies

Last month in CHF Disease Management, you read the disturbing news that the dramatic improvements in hypertension management seen in the 70s and 80s have slowed and even decreased to the point that currently only about 25% of hypertensive patients have their blood pressure adequately controlled.

Experts largely blame hypertension for the increase in CHF in recent years and expect the problem will only worsen as improving life expectancy increases the number of elderly people in the United States.

This month, CHF Disease Management offers you some updated practical strategies for improving hypertension management, including fresh ideas for tailoring treatment to specific patient types, managing drug therapy, helping patients modify their lifestyles, and measuring the quality of care. Buy mexican hgh.

If these issues plague your practice, youre not alone. In April, a national alliance was formed by leading medical, patient, and government organizations to reverse the growing trend of uncontrolled high blood pressure. The group, From Awareness to Action: The National Alliance to Reach Blood Pressure Goals, is a coalition of about 25 organizations. Members include the National Association of Mayors, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the National Consumers League as well as the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology.

The alliance plans to sponsor a series of high- profile intervention programs, such as blood pressure screenings and open forums, around the country to promote meaningful dialogue between providers and patients, says Martha Hill, RN, PhD, chair of the alliances advisory council and director of The Center for Nursing Research at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing in Baltimore.

A large percentage of the public does know that high blood pressure is serious, but knowledge is inadequate in terms of getting people to get their blood pressure checked, and if its high, getting it under control, she says.

Hill says negative experiences with the health care system long waits for appointments, medications with side effects keep many patients from getting their blood pressure under control. Thats why providers need to spend time learning and respecting the beliefs and attitudes of patients so they can find affordable, well-tolerated ways to lower blood pressure. Providers can take actions as simple as mailing out appointment reminders and calling people who have missed appointments to more complicated actions such as installing computer programs to track blood pressures.

 
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How To Treat Female Libido

21 Apr

The desire for having sex is no doubt less as compared to the sexual desire in men. It reduces more in women with time and the vitamins to treat female libido can be used by them to have more sexual feelings. Most men want to have it almost every day or even more and especially when they are in their times of youth and vitality, this desire is very dominating. This is not the case with the women. Most women do feel like having sex a lot when they are young but as they grow old, this desire keeps on reducing and a time comes when they do not want to have it anymore. This is due to many different reasons and many factors are involved in it. Now these women who do not feel like having sex can use the vitamins to treat female libido. By using these vitamins, you can easily increase the sexual desire in women no matter how old they are getting. They would also want to have it every day just like the men and also they would be able to satisfy their partner in a much better way. These vitamins can be easily purchased from the market and can be trusted too as they pose no danger to the women and are completely safe to be used. You can have them and as soon as you start using these vitamins you will begin to observe the changes in women. The women would be more passionate and emotional while having sex and would become a source of more fun and pleasure for the men. The viagra to treat female libido actually works for the women in the best possible manner in order to increase their sexual desire. When they will be with their partner then they would be more intense and passionate about making love.
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There are many different factors involved due to which the women starts to have less desire to have sex with her partner. The desire to have sex reduces with the passage of time and is caused due to certain reasons. Many physical as well as psychological changes occur through the women during the course of time which ultimately takes her away from her partner in a way. At the start of the relationship they used to have very intense and passionate kind of sex but as the time passes these feelings do not remain the same. The vitamins to treat female libido is a great help for those women who always want to stay close to their partners. They never want to go away or never want to have less sex with the partner. The problems can also be due to the sexual dysfunction in women, which can be cured with the help of using these vitamins. The vitamins are not harmful rather are really safe and secure to be used by the women. These vitamins to treat female libido are easily available in the market and should be used in order to have maximum pleasure and joy while having sex.

 

Penis Growth Pills

18 Apr

Another solution for the patients who are not altogether satisfied with the size of their penis is Penis Growth Pills. Penis Growth Pills are manufactured by 60, 120, 180 tablets in a container. Take two Penis Growth Pills each day. The drug may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach when taken alone. Do not exceed the dosage limit of 4 pills a day to avoid adverse side effects. To save extra money and achieve better results it is strongly recommended to order a 6 months supply of the medication.

The active components of Penis Growth Pills work by directing the dramatic blood flow into penile tissues thus evoking stable and hard erection. The regular blood flow causes permanent dilution of the blood vessels in corpora cavernosa, the principal erectile chamber of the penis which further leads to penile size enlargement and more powerful and long-lasting erections. The pills start to work gradually, with the first results showing already after the first month of use. The final two months of Penis Growth Pills therapy will give you the results that will surpass all your most daring dreams, namely a dramatic gain in penile length and thickness, rock-hard stable erections, extra powerful orgasmic sensations, total control over the duration of your sexual performance and increased virility.

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Another solution for the patients who are not altogether satisfied with the size of their penis is Penis Growth Pills. Penis Growth Pills are manufactured by 60, 120, 180 tablets in a container. Take two Penis Growth Pills each day. The drug may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach when taken alone. Do not exceed the dosage limit of 4 pills a day to avoid adverse side effects. To save extra money and achieve better results it is strongly recommended to order a 6 months supply of the medication.

The active components of Penis Growth Pills work by directing the dramatic blood flow into penile tissues thus evoking stable and hard erection. The regular blood flow causes permanent dilution of the blood vessels in corpora cavernosa, the principal erectile chamber of the penis which further leads to penile size enlargement and more powerful and long-lasting erections. The pills start to work gradually, with the first results showing already after the first month of use. The final two months of Penis Growth Pills therapy will give you the results that will surpass all your most daring dreams, namely a dramatic gain in penile length and thickness, rock-hard stable erections, extra powerful orgasmic sensations, total control over the duration of your sexual performance and increased virility.

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Viagra, Cialis, Lefitra for Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

29 Mar

How Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis Work

Levitra (generic name: vardenafil; brand names include: Vivanza / Yaila) is a prescription medicine that is used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and can help you get and keep a quality erection, so that you can make the most of each sexual experience. Levitra online Mexico
Cialis (generic name: tadalafil; brand names include: Tadacip / Scifil / Apcalis / Forzest) is an FDA-approved prescription medicine used to treat erectile dysfunction, more commonly known as impotence. A man is impotent if he cannot achieve or sustain an erect penis for sexual activity.
Mexican pharmacy Viagra (sildenafil citrate; brand names include: Aphrodil / Edegra / Erasmo / Penegra / Revatio / Supra / Silagra / Zwagra) is an effective treatment for erectile dysfunction regardless of the cause or duration of the problem or the age of the patient.

 
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